United States Dollar and Currency Essay - 621 Words

1. International Business Issue - Can Bitcoin be a stable currency for international business? Definition, Application, and Prospection 1)What is Bitcoin? Bitcoin is an open source peer-to-peer payment network and digital currency introduced in 2009. It is the first decentralized digital currency. It is the digital coin that you can send through the internet. Compare to other alternatives, Bitcoins have a number of advantages. Bitconins are transferred directly from person to person. This means that the fees are much lower you can use them in every country. Bitcoins are generated all over the internet by anybody running a free application called a bitcoin miner. Mining requires certain amount of work for each block of†¦show more content†¦It is almost 10000%. The stability of bitcoin as a currency is still controversial. Thus, I would like to say that though bitcoin has a lot of advantages, it has some definite weaknesses to be a substitute for currencies. Firstly, there have been lots of different form of virtual currencies so far. And they all got shrunk. If someone is a good programmer, anybody can make a new digital currency. If so, the advantage of bitcoin which is that there is a limit for issuing amount will disappear. Moreover, existing currencies are based upon each nations control. Currency economies cannot exist outside of taxation systems. As most all of the nations are operated by tax, governments will not permit the free trade of electronic currency which is operated outside of taxation system. Actually, the China Central Bank announced that as the bitcoin is not a genuine currency, it cannot have a legal status. They also said that any financial institution or company cannot put a price of bitcoin and guarantee products that related to bitcoin. South Korea government also stated that the bitcoin is a product which cannot be protected by Korean laws. Because the bitcoin has a possibility to be abused in many ways. It is against the Korean real-name financial system and can be used as a money laundering. Obviously, the bitcoin is one of the new flows in international business. However, it has many limits to be a substitute for real currencies. Economy cannot be detachedShow MoreRelatedUnited States Dollar as Reserve Currency1871 Words   |  8 Pages(IMF) shocked the world by calling for the United States dollar to be replaced as the global world currency (Rooney, 2011). In one report, the world’s dirty little monetary secret had been exposed; faith in the US dollar was faltering. Since then, international attitudes toward the US dollar have only gotten worse. With 2013 debt at approximately 105 percent of gross domestic product and a negative outlook rating from Standard’s and Poor, the United States is looking like an insolvent bank no one wantsRead MoreUnited States Dollar and Foreign Currency Information1014 Words   |  5 Pagessentences. 0.5 points) * The type of business I would start would be for family or friends gatherings. This business would be place people come to eat and social, a nice, warm environment. b. Describe at least two ways in which the local, state, or federal government would have an impact on your business. (2-4 sentences. 1.0 points) * Whether businesses owners know it or not, but the government create laws and regulation to protect the business. 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In quoting the exchange rate two methods can be used; the indirect and direct. The indirect method quotes one unit of the local currency in units of foreign currency whereas the direct method quotes foreign currency in units of local currency (SAP Solutions, 2015). Obtaining exchange rates to compare the United States Dollar (USD) toRead MoreMechanism Behind The Foundation Of Bretton Woods System1693 Words   |  7 Pagesexchange rate regime based on gold and the US dollar and also includes the factors and reasons that led the system to collapse. Background of Foundation of the Bretton Woods System As far back as the World War II, the United States has been attempting to replace the Great Britain, establishing a world currency system centred in US dollar. After the war, the economic strength of the world’s countries changed significantly. Unlike Europe and Japan, the United States experienced very little destruction onRead MoreUnited States Financial Environment After The Collapse Of Petrodollar System1501 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract: From the perspective of monetary mechanism, this paper explains that the essence of petrodollar system is struggling over the gains to be had from producing the world s leading currency. Furthermore, taking Euro as an example, this paper pointed out that the potential inflationary pressure to strike the United States financial environment after the collapse of petrodollar system. By maintaining current monetary system and getting rid of tremendous budgetary deficit, this paper also gives severalRead MoreGlobal Financing and Rate Essay1121 Words   |  5 PagesRate Mechanisms Currency is unreliable. In some countries the United States dollar is worth more than that countries currency, while in other countries the U.S. dollar is worth less. The exchange rate fluctuates on a continuous base which makes the term â€Å"funny money† more realistic each day. The purpose of this paper is to discuss hard and soft currency, the South African rand, Cuban pesos, and why the exchange rates fluctuate. Hard currency is a currency, usually from a highlyRead MoreThe International Monetary Fund For World War II1500 Words   |  6 PagesDuring World War II, the Allies sought to reign in some of the chaos of international transactions. Problems, to that point, were myriad; currencies and economies were not well-equipped to handle the rapid globalization that was underway. Little regulation meant ample room for abuse, like aggressive devaluation of a country’s currency, along with the less nefarious but equally damaging shocks in the newly-interconnected markets. â€Å"Beggar thy neighbor† policies, most of them ultimately landing on Germany’s

How Information Technology Successfully Impact On The...

LITERATURE REVIEW ARTICLE NO 1 Exploring Factors that Contribute to Success of Business Process Reengineering and concussion of Business Process Reengineering on Organizational Performance: OBJECTIVE: Objective of this study is to endeavor the dependency of business process re-engineering and organizational performance. Through this research they are trying to conclude the significant factors that are involved in successful implementation of business process re-engineering. The role of information technology also examines in this study that how information technology successfully impact on the business process re-engineering. SAMPLE SIZE: Pakistan’s Banking sector was selected for this research. Calmative is the nature of this study. Open†¦show more content†¦According to this research some important factors are these which are involved in the perfect alignment of business process re-engineering. ï  ¶ Perfect planning before the implementation of business process re-engineering. ï  ¶ Made effectives strategies for the success of business process re-engineering ï  ¶ Amend rewards. ï  ¶ Open and influencing communication channel to deliver your process to the employees. ï  ¶ Empathetic organizational culture is another success factor ï  ¶ Effective information technology system has a great importance in success of business process re-engineering. ï  ¶ Employees motivation and their full involvement in also consider in its success ï  ¶ Successful implementation of business process re-engineering also require healthy investment. Information technology has a vital role in success of business process re-engineering. This research also emphasize on adequate framework of information technology. Information technology is very crucial for business process re-engineering through banking sector or organization boost up their performance. The well aware of latest market development which help them to achieve successful position among their competitors as well as satisfy their customer

Rosa Parks Free Essays

Rosa Parks is one of the most influential and inspirational women of all time. By one action she helped change many African American’s lives, but most importantly the society. Rosa parks stood up for what she believed in, even though she was standing alone; refusing to obey the black standards. We will write a custom essay sample on Rosa Parks or any similar topic only for you Order Now Not only did she help change the lives of African American’s, but she helped equality for all men and women in the United States. Humanity is grateful what Mrs. Parks contributed for equal rights and it will be forever known. Mrs. Parks was born in Tuskegee on February 4, 1913. At the age of two she moved to pine level, where she was raised by her grandparents on their farm. During her childhood she grew up with segregation and the terrible fear of a society, The Klu Klux Klan. Her grandfather would defend her from the Klan, and he often slept with a rifle by his bedside, due to the unsafe environment. Rosa attended the Montgomery Industrial School at the age of eleven, which was financed by a group of white women from the North. Unfortunately she quit school to take care of her grandmother, and at the age of twenty she finished her high school diploma. On December 1, 1955 she got arrested for violating Montgomery city code chapter 6 section 11. After a long hard day of work, she refused to give up her seat in the front of a bus for a white man. The supreme court of the United States struck down the city law allowing segregation on public buses. Rosa married a barber named Raymond who was a member of National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. He encouraged her to join, and in 1943 she began working as a secretary for NAACP. There she met Martin Luther King Jr. She moved to Detroit with her husband and worked as a seamstress. President Bill Clinton awarded her the Presidential Metal of Freedom in 1996, and in 1999 she received the Congressional Gold Medal. After the death of her husband, she found Pathways to Freedom in 1977. In 2005 at the age of 92, her body laid in state in capital building of US. Rosa was an incredible woman who â€Å"sat down† to stand up for what she believed in. If it wasn’t for her contribution equality would still be an issue. She earned the name â€Å"Mother of the Civil Rights Movement†, it is also known as â€Å"spark that lit the fire. † She will always be an inspiration for the African American culture and race. Not only will she be known as an inspirational leader, but also as an encourager to all people. An encourager that will give others the confidence to stand their ground for what they believe is right. Rosa Park made a difference then, the change is happening until this day, and will still be there tomorrow. How to cite Rosa Parks, Papers Rosa Parks Free Essays Harris 1 Diamond Harris English II Mr. Love 21 September 2012 I’m doing my report on Rosa Parks. What Rosa Parks did changed people from the very moment she did it. We will write a custom essay sample on Rosa Parks or any similar topic only for you Order Now It sent a powerful message to people that she was tired of being second-guessed by people. When the white man told Rosa Parks to get to the back; when she didn’t. She basically changed history after that moment. Rosa Parks stood up for what she believed in and nothing more. Mrs. Parks was born Rosa Louise McCauley Parks, Febuary 13 ,2012 in Tuskegee, Alabama. Parks, Rosa and Steele Elaine) She was the first child of James and Leona Edwards McCauley. (Parks, Rosa and Steele, Elaine) Her brother, Sylvester McCauley, now decreased, was born August 20, 2015. (Parks, Rosa and Steele, Elaine) Her mother worked as a carpenter and her mother as a teacher. (Reynolds, Brain) At the age of two she moved to her grandparents’ farm in Pine Level, Alabama with her mother and younger brother, Syvester. Reynolds, Brain) When she is at age eleven she’s enrolled on the Montgomery Industrial School for Girls ( Miss White’s School for Girls) a private institution. (Parks, Rosa; Steele Elaine, and Reynolds, Brain) After finishing Miss White’s School for Girls, she went to Alabama State Teacher’s College High School. (Parks, Rosa and Steele Elaine) She was unable to graduate because her mother became ill, therefore she continued to take care of t heir home and take care for her mother while her brother. (Parks, Rosa and Steele Elaine) Syvester worked outside of the home. Parks, Rosa and Steele Elaine) After attending Alabama State Teacher’s College, the young Rosa settled in Montgomery, with her husband, Raymond Parks. (Reynolds, Brain) The couple joined the local chapter of the NACCP(National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) and worked quietly for many years to improve the lot of African-Americans in the segregated south. ( Reynolds, Brain) She worked as a secretary for the Montgomery, Alabama branch of the NAACP. (McWilliams, Thelma) She had attended the Highlander Folk School six months before her arrest. McWilliams, Thelma ) On December 1, 1955 in Montgomery, Parks, while she in the sitting black section of bus, she refused to obey a public bus driver’s orders to give her seat to a white man and over to the back of the bus to make extra seats for whites. (McWilliams, Thelma ) I know someon e had take the step and I made up my mind not to move. (Moncur, Michael) Rosa was tired of being a second-class citizen and stood firmly. (McWilliams, Thelma ) She was arrested, tried and convicted for disorderly conduct and for violating a local ordinance. (McWilliams, Thelma ) Rosa Parks was nationally recognized as the â€Å"mother of the modern day civil rights movement† in America. (Parks, Rosa and Steele, Elaine) After the arrest black people of Montgomery and sympathizers of other races organized and promoted a boycott of that city bus that lasted 381 days. (Parks, Rosa and Steele, Elaine) Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. was appointed the spokesperson for the Bus Boycott and taught nonviolence to all participants. (Parks, Rosa and Steele, Elaine) Contingent with the protest in Montgomery, others took shape throughout the south and the country. Parks, Rosa and Steele, Elaine) They took form as sit-ins, eat-ins, swim-ins, and similar causes. (Parks, Rosa and Steele, Elaine) Thousands of courageous people joined the â€Å"protest† to demand equal rights for all people. (Parks, Rosa and Steele, Elaine) In 1957, Mrs. Parks and her husband moved to Detroit, Michigan where Mrs. Parks served on the staff of U. S. Respresentative John Conyers. (Reyno lds, Brain) The Sounthern Christian Leadership Council established an annual Rosa Parks Freedom Award in her honor. Reynolds, Brain) In Febuary, 1987 she co-funded the Rosa and Raymond Parks Institure for Self Development with Ms. Elaire Eason Steele in honor of her husband, Raymond (1903-1977). (Parks, Rosa and Steele, Elaine) The purpose is to motivate and diect youth not targeted by other progams to achieve their highest potential. (Parks, Rosa and Steele, Elaine) The Institure sponors an annual summer progam for teenagers called Pathways to FreedomPark. ( Parks, Rosa and Steele, Elaine) President Clinton presented Rosa Parks with the Presidental Medal of Freedom in 1996 and she also received a Congressional Gold Medal in 1999. Parks, Rosa and Steele, Elaine) â€Å"The Rosa Parks Story† was filmed in Montgomery, Alabama May 2001, an aired Febuary 24, 2002 on the CBS television network. (Parks, Rosa and Steele, Elaine)†I have learned over the years that one’s m ind, this dimishes fear; knowing what must done does away with fear† ,quotes Rosa Parks. (Moncur, Michael) I remember going to sleep as a girl hearing the Klan ride at night and hearing a lynching and being afraid the house would burn down. (Reynolds, Brain) How to cite Rosa Parks, Papers

Workplace Bullying in the OR-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Examine the Repetitive Psychological Oppression Which Occurs Due to the Workplace Bullying. Answer: Rational and Background In the last decade, several researches have been conducted which shows that bullying is a widespread problem. There are a number of institutions which are focusing on raising awareness and protecting people from the threat. The implication of bullying is negative and can harm victims health and work performance. So, it is essential to identify such threats within the workplace (Kowalski, Giumetti, Schroeder and Lattanner, 2014). In general, bullying comprises of the behavior targeted at a particular person to humiliate and stigmatize socially. It is also aimed at sabotaging the victims reputation by attacking his character and professional competence. There are many types of research conducted which shows that workplace bullying has become a common problem and there are many individuals who face humiliation because of it. The results of bullying are negative and also reduce confidence among professionals. It can increase the level of anxiety and other psychological problems for people. The performance of medical institutions is also affected by workplace bullying. Due to the bullying, there occurs shortage of medical staffs which increases the work burden on the health care provider (Atik, 2011). At the medical center, there are a number of attacks related to harassment and bullying. These attacks are harmful and are also based on the act of violence which cannot be ignored. In many countries like Sweden and Norway, no adequate legislations are developed regarding to bullying. In Britain, bullying is termed as zero tolerance. It refers the right of a person to lead his life in a dignified manner and there should be zero tolerance towards any act of torture or harassment. In some countries, there are many types of laws made to address the social issue of bullying; however, they are incompetent to address the situation. In the literature, no study has been conducted to examine the impact of bullying on doctors and nurses. The present research is conducted to gather information related to the act of bullying in medical institutions. The exploration describes the incidence of workplace bullying and ways in which different situations leads to such problems (Polanin, Espelage and Pigott, 2012). Aims and objectives The aim of the research is to examine the repetitive psychological oppression which occurs due to the workplace bullying (McGaghie, Issenberg, Petrusa and Scalese, 2010). The victim faces a lot of the work performance related harassments which results in high stress and depression of the victim. The cross-sectional and descriptive study examines workplace bullying behavior experienced by physicians and nurses. The aim of the research is to describe the incidence of workplace bullying in medical centers. The authors have divided the aim in several objectives for the clear investigation and analysis of the issue. The research paper has determined the role of the demographics in workplace bullying. It also defined the relationship between the workplace bullying and the emotional exhaustion of the physicians. The article also highlights the link between the workplace bullying and the safety of the patients. Discussion of Research Method The research method refers to techniques which are used by the researcher to collect valuable evidence to conduct research. These methods increase validity and reliability of data. In order to conduct research on the bullying, different types of research methods used. In the research, the first method related to the data collection is the cross-sectional method (Duncan and Keller, 2011). In the medical research, cross-sectional method is the type of the observational study that collects data through different means from a specific population. In the medical study, this method is appropriate because it provides in-detail information about the population. Such type of method is used by researcher to assess the prevalence of chronic conditions or to identify actual problems of diseases. In the present report, the cross-sectional method has been used by research to collect the data. In the present research, primary data is used for collecting information regarding bullying (Richardson, F rueh and Acierno, 2010). The research develops a survey to ask question at two different medical centers. The data is collected by conducting a survey which was conducted in the medical center. In the survey, twenty-two questions were asked related to workplace bullying. With the help of this research method, scholars can identify root causes of bullying at workplace and ways to prevent it. The researchers have taken a population sample which can represents the entire population. For the data sampling, convenience sample method had been selected. This is non-probability sampling method. In scientific research, this approach is used to collect the data from the participants who are conveniently available to take part in the research process (Holden, 2011). This is associated with primary data collection approach. With the help of such type of method, validity and reliability of research can be determined. This method is used by researchers so they can analyze data in an accurate manner and also it is one of the most inexpensive methods. It refers to conducting analysis of collected data and establishing its correlation with previous research. For conducting data analysis, SPSS statistical software had been used. In the present research, this method is used to analyze data is a more accurate manner (Tokunaga, 2010). For analysis of data, many other statistical tools and m ethod are present through which accuracy can be maintained. In the analysis part, regression method is also applied. Critical Discussion on Bullying In the present research, the definition of bullying is stated as a situation wherein a person or a group of people are threatened by other person or a group of persons. Such act can bring different types of consequences and individually find it difficult to defend himself from such situations (Hutchinson, Wilkes, Jackson and Vickers, 2010). The bullying is negative action which can be harmful to anyone in the workplace. The consequences of bullying are that it decrease work performance and efficiency of the employees. In the medical center, such cases are generally faced by the nurses and new physicians in hospitals. As per the given definition, bullying is the situations in which one person constantly faces negative action from other persons. It also encompasses the incidents where one person has also faced humiliation from other people. Such type of humiliation is so drastic that it can also break someone confidence. However, in some institutions bullying is not considered as negative action (Bartlett and Bartlett, 2011). The negative actions can lead to a downfall in confidence. In some situations, bullying is not always negative action; however, it also helps the individuals in making interactions at the workplace. A healthy talk can increase interaction between the individuals in the medical center and also assist them in understanding the work environment. The negative situation can be addressed through awareness as it is not permanent in nature. So, it is important to clearly state about emotional, mental or other types of physical actions which can harm other individual. In the survey, most of the participants have failed to identify bullying because they do not understand the negative actions. In the definition, it is also stated that bullying is a situation in which one can feel helpless to defend him or herself (Branch, Ramsay and Barker, 2013). However, if someone is defending himself from any type of negative situation then that situation is not termed as bullying. In some case of bullying, victims easily defend themselves. So by definition, it should also include all such activities whether physical or mental in which an individual gets hurt. In most of the medical workplaces, such activities are carried by an individual in form of humiliation. So, the organization must be aware of s uch type of practices at the workplace and make provisions to prevent such activities. Bullying does not refer to one-time actions or actions without any malicious intent. It means any type of action is taken only one time at the workplace so it is not considered as bullying. It cannot be consdered as a measured of bullying. At workplace, many times individual faces a lot of humiliation and threats which their confidence breaks at one time. So, bullying should be based on all type of the action such as physical, mental or emotional which lead harm to an individual (Hoel, Glas, Hetland, Cooper and Einarsen, 2010). In some research it is highlighted one-time bullying is also harmful to individuals at the workplace. This could be reason why most of the candidate do not identify bullying at workplace (Chipps, Stelmaschuk, Albert, Bernhard and Holloman, 2013). Critical Discussion of the Sampling Process For collecting the data, a total sample size of 167 employees from both hospitals is taken. For conducting the survey, written permission is also taken from the medical center. The questions were developed in the presence of medical employees so all the required information can be collected (Simons, Stark and DeMarco, 2011). All participates are well aware of this process and also research provides them with the definition of bullying. Form the hospital A, there were 73 employees who took part and from hospital B 94 employees participated in the survey. The limitation of collecting data was that only a few employees took participation in the survey. Only 29% employees responded towards the bullying act and other employees were ignored from the survey (Chipps, Stelmaschuk, Albert, Bernhard and Holloman, 2013). Critical Discussion of Data Collection For collecting the data the cross-sectional survey was selected. The researcher conducted research in two different medical centers. The collection of data is based on primary research. There was a questionnaire develop which consist 22 negative act questions. The frequency of experiencing these negative acts was rated as never, occasionally, monthly, weekly, or daily. Since, this research is also adding some more questions regarding to the definition of the previous bullying at workplace. The scores are ranging from .81 to.92 the survey questions is also considered the demographic distribution such as gender, age, and ethnicity (Simons, Stark and DeMarco, 2011). The 23 additional questions are consisting of eight items based on demographic information which are filled by using checkbook format. Other eights questions are related to the experience of bullying at the workplace and last seven questions are assessed in the impact of bullying on patients safety. In addition, most of the questions which were developed by researcher were based on bullying in which no accurate definition of negative actions was given. The disadvantage of using such type of the method is that it does not provide the cause and effect relationship. The data which are collected by researcher does not show how demographic variables create an impact on the bullying and impact on nurses. In the entire data collection process, no such expenses occurred in the process. Critical discussion on data analysis For making the analysis, SPSS software had been used. In addition, descriptive statistics for each demographics measure separately. In the continuous variables, researcher use mean and standard deviation. In the analysis of data, researcher also used the logistics regression which varies from 0 to 1 (Chipps, Stelmaschuk, Albert, Bernhard and Holloman, 2013). There were total 582 Resident Nurses invited in which 167 participated in surveys. In the hospital A, 40 potential participants were there whereas B had a response rate of 23.5%. In the study sample, 44.7% of participants were RNs, 53.4% were surgical technologists, and 1.9% was other unlicensed. In the sample, the white people were 73.6, black 20.1% and 6.3% people are other. In the end results, it is identified that 59% of total participants witnessed the act of bullying. Regarding the frequency of bullying, periods such as monthly, weekly, yearly and other cases, the answer of most of the candidates was that they are bullied on the monthly period. In the negative act questions, 27.9% participates ignored and chose not to answer. This is an emphasis that for the workplace it is essential to promote safety and develop cultural communication between the team members so they can speak about their own opinion. The paper also suggested that younger staff have zero tolerance of bullying so in the hospitals most of such cases were faced by the senior staff on monthly basis. Before this study, there was no research conducted regarding bullying in health care. On the basis of ethnicity, white staff has to face the highest level of bullying at the workplace (Hoel, Glas, Hetland, Cooper and Einarsen, 2010). Among physicians, black and Asian physicians had to face t he acts of bullying. The sample size for making an analysis of bullying in ethnicity was small. Therefore, it can be critiqued that for making an analysis of data the sample size was too small. There were only two hospitals which were taken and few employees took participation in the survey. For making analysis of data, no specific time had taken. All the analysis was based on the survey and there were also lack of proper literature. Strengths and Weakness of Research Methods There are different types of research method and approach selected for conducting the present research. In data collection, all participants were well-informed before the survey. The questionnaire which was developed by the researcher is also developed by the medical employees so the researcher can get in detail information regarding the bullying. For the data collection, the sample size was too small and only those employees were taken who faced bullying. Collecting data from such method can create problem for researcher because it did not provide detailed information regarding behavior of bullying at workplace (McGaghie, Issenberg, Petrusa and Scalese, 2010). The OR is a highly stressful environment in which team members work in very close proximity. The main disadvantage of present research method is that participant personnel do not self-identify as being bullied but witnessed others being bullied in the workplace. In the collection of data, there are some other factors such as c ulture, senior, leadership and impact on management training which should also be considered and such ways are identified the ways which can create impact on bullying. In the analysis section, the researcher used the SPSS software. However, most of the candidates who participated in the survey were not sure about their own opinion. The convenient sample helps the research to collect data without any problems. However, this method does not provide bias results. This method does not have the power to identify the difference of population subgroups. In addition, there were only 22 questions asked from employees and several of them were not related to bullying (Duncan and Keller, 2011). Some of them are general and other belongs to the demographic variables of bullying. So, the validity and reliability of the above research method are also limited. At the last, it can be considered that the best method to address the issue of bullying is to provide training in medical center. The hospitals need to allocate resources carefully to team training programs. The managers and staff members must be accountable for setting expectations and provide training towards the elimination of bullying at workplace. The top management need to provide a clear message to all employees and staff members towards bullying and risks which are associated with such act. References Atik, G. (2011). Assessment of school bullying in Turkey: a critical review of self-report instruments. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 15, 3232-3238. Bartlett, J. E., Bartlett, M. E. (2011). Workplace bullying: An integrative literature review. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 13(1), 69-84. Branch, S., Ramsay, S., Barker, M. (2013). Workplace bullying, mobbing and general harassment: A review. International Journal of Management Reviews, 15(3), 280-299. Chipps, E., Stelmaschuk, S., Albert, N. M., Bernhard, L., Holloman, C. (2013). Workplace bullying in the OR: Results of a descriptive study. AORN journal, 98(5), 479-493 Hoel, H., Glas, L., Hetland, J., Cooper, C. L., Einarsen, S. (2010). Leadership styles as predictors of self?reported and observed workplace bullying. British Journal of Management, 21(2), 453-468. Hutchinson, M., Wilkes, L., Jackson, D., Vickers, M. H. (2010). Integrating individual, work group and organizational factors: Testing a multidimensional model of bullying in the nursing workplace. Journal of Nursing management, 18(2), 173-181. Kowalski, R. M., Giumetti, G. W., Schroeder, A. N., Lattanner, M. R. (2014). Bullying in the digital age: A critical review and meta-analysis of cyberbullying research among youth. McGaghie, W. C., Issenberg, S. B., Petrusa, E. R., Scalese, R. J. (2010). A critical review of simulation?based medical education research: 20032009. Medical education, 44(1), 50-63. Polanin, J. R., Espelage, D. L., Pigott, T. D. (2012). A meta-analysis of school-based bullying prevention programs' effects on bystander intervention behavior. School Psychology Review, 41(1), 47. Samnani, A. K. (2013). Embracing new directions in workplace bullying research: A paradigmatic approach. Journal of Management Inquiry, 22(1), 26-36. Simons, S. R., Stark, R. B., DeMarco, R. F. (2011). A new, four?item instrument to measure workplace bullying. Research in nursing health, 34(2), 132-140. Thornberg, R. (2011). Shes weird!The social construction of bullying in school: A review of qualitative research. Children society, 25(4), 258-267.